Note: The course notes on arrays will be useful.

Java Arrays

Java arrays are a lot like C/C++ arrays.

The main difference is that Java arrays are objects, in the same way that instances of classes are objects. As with all objects in Java, instances of array are accessed through references. Thus, an array variable in Java is not the actual array: it is just a memory location in which a reference to an array may be stored.

Consider the following code:

int[] heaps;                 // (1)
heaps = new int[6];          // (2)

Line (1) creates a variable called heaps whose type is int[], meaning "array of int". Because array variables store a reference to an array, and not the array itself, the variable does not point to any actual array yet.

Line (2) creates an array object for storing 6 int elements, and assigns the reference to the newly-created array to the variable heaps. Here's a picture:

image

Like arrays in C and C++, Java arrays are indexed starting at 0. So, the valid range of indices for this array is 0..5.

Because arrays are accessed through references, it is possible to have two array variables storing references to the same array object. For example:

int[] a;
int[] b;

a = new int[4];
b = a;

a[0] = 15;

// (1)

System.out.println(b[0]); // prints 15

a[0] = 16;

// (2)

System.out.println(b[0]); // prints 16

As a picture, here's what's happening at point (1):

image

Here's what's happening at point (2):

image

Array length

One nice feature of Java that is not present in C and C++ is the ability to determine the exact number of elements in an array. If arr is an array, then

arr.length

is the number of elements in the array.

For example, the following static method will compute the sum of the elements of any array of int values:

public static int sum(int[] arr) {
  int sum = 0;

  for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    sum += arr[i];
  }

  return sum;
}

Default values

When an array object is created using the new operator, each element of the array is automatically initialized with a default value. The default value is 0 for all numeric element types, and the special null reference for all class and array element types.

Here's a code snippet that illustrates the default value for an array of int values:

int[] t = new int[4];
System.out.println(t[0]);  // guaranteed to print 0

Arrays of references

When an array has a class or array type as its element type, it stores references. In this way, array elements are the same as any other kind of variable.

For example:

String[] names = new String[2];
names[0] = "Alice";
names[1] = "Bob";

// (1)

for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
  System.out.println(names[i]);
}

Here's what things look like at point (1):

image

Summary