Collections

As we’ve discussed, a collection is an object whose purpose is to store a collection of references to other objects. Java provides a number of built-in classes to implement collections; we have used one, ArrayList<E>, already.

Java defines an interface called Collection<E> to define operations (methods) common to all collection classes. It has a number of useful methods, including:

There are two important kinds of collections that are sub-interfaces of the Collection<E> interface: List<E> and Set<E>.

The List<E> interface is implemented by collection classes that store a sequence of elements. The order in which the elements appear in the sequence is the order in which they were added to the collection (assuming that the elements were added to the end of the collection).

Some methods in the List<E> interface are:

The Set<E> interface is implemented by collection classes that behave like mathematical sets:

Classes implementing the Set<E> interface typically have a very efficient implementation of the boolean contains(Object o) method, for testing whether or not a particular object is a member of the set.

Here is a class hierarchy diagram showing the Collection<E>, List<E>, and Set<E> interfaces, and the most commonly-used implementations of those interfaces:

image

We have already seen and used the ArrayList<E> class. We will investigate each of other classes (LinkedList<E>, HashSet<E>, and TreeSet<E>) in the coming weeks.

Maps

A map is a data structure which maps a set of keys to a corresponding set of values. For example, a phone book is like a map: the keys are names and the values are phone numbers.

One way to think about maps is that they are like arrays, but instead of requiring the index type to be int, any type may be used as the index.

Here are some of the methods in the Map<K,V> interface:

In the same way that implementations of the Set<E> interface contain a very efficient implementation of the contains(Object o) method, implementations of Map<K, V> contain a very efficient implementation of the V get(Key y) method.

Note that the Map<K, V> interface has two type parameters, one (K) to represent the type of the keys, and another (V) to represent the type of the values. For example, if we had classes Name and PhoneNumber, then a phone book could be represented as follows:

Map<Name, PhoneNumber> phoneBook;

There are two main implementations of the Map<K, V> interface: HashMap<K, V> and TreeMap<K, V>:

image

We will learn about both implementations in the coming weeks.

Iterators

An iterator is a functor whose purpose is to traverse the elements of a collection.

Conceptually, an interface is a “cursor”. At any given time, an iterator may be positioned before any element in the collection, or may be positioned at the end of the collection. Initially, an iterator is positioned before the first element.

In Java, all iterator classes implement the interface Iterator<E> Here are its methods:

Iterators serve two purposes. First, the allow the creation of generic algorithms that can work with any kind of collection. Such algorithms can use an iterator to traverse the elements of the collection without having to know anything about how the collection is implemented.

The second purpose is to allow elements to be removed safely while a traversal of the collection is in progress. For example, consider the following method, intended to remove all of the even integers from a list:

public static void removeEvens(List<Integer> nums) {
    for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++) {
        if (nums.get(i) % 2 == 0) {
            nums.remove(i);
        }
    }
}

This method does not work: calling the remove element shifts the positions of the elements coming after the removed element, causing the index variable to skip over one of the elements.

Using an iterator solves this problem:

public static void removeEvens(List<Integer> nums) {
    Iterator<Integer> i = nums.iterator();

    while (i.hasNext()) {
        Integer val = i.next();
        if (val % 2 == 0) {
            i.remove();
        }
    }
}

All subclasses of Collection<E> have a method called iterator which returns an iterator object positioned just before the first element of the collection.