Due: Mon, Feb 7th in class Late assignments will be penalized 20% per day.

Book Questions from Introduction to Algorithms - 3rd ed.

1.2-2, 1.2-3

2.2-3, 2-2 (10 points)

Insertion sort implementation.

Hints:

1.2-2 & 1.2-3 Remember that n must be an integer.

2.2-3 Be sure to give a mathematically rigorous justification for your answer and not simply an intuitive explanation. Consider what the probability is for the i^th element being the desired one and how many elements were searched to find it.

2-2 (a) - Consider what two criteria are necessary for a sorting algorithm to be correct (the obvious one is that the elements end up in non-decreasing order, what is the other?)

(b) - What must be true both before and after the inner loop executes (consider what the inner loop does)? Remember you must show it holds for initialization, maintenance, and termination conditions.

(c) - What must be true both before and after the outer loop executes (consider what the outer loop does)? Remember you must show it holds for initialization, maintenance, and termination conditions.

(d) - Note this version of bubble-sort uses fixed iteration loops, i.e. no while statements.

Implementation

A skeleton project is provided in CS360_InsertionSort.zip. The zip file contains a CLion project. insertionSorter.cpp contains the main routine as well as empty sort function stubs - you should not need to modify main() or any of the utility functions.

For each input size, the program generates a random array D[]

D[] is copied into the array A[] prior to each sorting function call (such that each sort works on the same data sets)

A checking function will verify correct operation of your sorting implementation and halt the program if it produces incorrectly sorted output.

Since C++ does not have an A.length member variable, I have included a function called length(A) which will return the length of the array (which is stored in A[0])

All arrays have been expanded by 1 (with appropriate adjustments to any loops) to agree with the pseudocode from the book where array indices range from A[1] -> A[n]

Your Task

Implement the sort algorithm as given in the pseudocode below for insertion sort. Insert counter increment statements (note: a count global variable is provided), into each sorting function for each executable line of pseudocode (e.g. count all three lines required to implement a swap as a single operation). Use this counter to empirically measure the runtime of each sort. Only increment the counter for statements within the sorting functions, i.e. do not include any initialization overhead incurred in main() or the utility functions. Note that count is reset prior to each sort call but the results are stored in a 3D array counter which is used to display a table of all results once all the sorts and runs have completed.

The program will generate output data for 13 input sizes using increasing powers of 2 from 2⁴ = 16 to 2¹⁶ = 65536. The program will also generate #define NUM_AVG sets of data for each size in order to compute an average runtime for random arrays of each size.

The program will run each sort for each input size with elements randomly generated from two different input ranges

The large range contains elements in the range [1 -> 32768]

The small range contains elements in the range [1 -> 1024]

Once the data for all input sizes and both ranges and element ranges have been generated, the program will produce a comma separated table of output in the console and a corresponding output.csv file in the bin subdirectory. Use this data to make a meaningful plot (e.g. using Excel) of the data showing important characteristics. In particular:

Plot number of inputs n vs. empirical average runtimes as data points for both element ranges

Show the best fit asymptotic curves for cn² appropriate for the sort. Determine an approximate value of c (to the nearest 0.5) for each element range that fits the actual data relatively well. (Hint: Simply manually choose values for each c and plot the corresponding asymptotic curve until it fits the data reasonably well, i.e. you do not need to mathematically find the “best-fit” values.)

Hint: To plot cn², consider making another column in the spreadsheet that computes cn² for each input size n. Then plot the empirical data as points (with no lines) and the computed values as a curve without points.

Insertion Sort

INSERTION-SORT(A)
for j = 2 to A.length
   key = A[j]
   // Insert A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1..j-1]
   i = j - 1
   while i > 0 and A[i] > key
      A[i+1] = A[i]
      i = i - 1
   A[i+1] = key

HINTS:

Function call statements DO NOT increment the counter since their runtime is evaluated by the execution of the function.

Return statement DO NOT increment the counter.

Loop statements, i.e. for and while, will execute one more time than the statements in the loop body. Hence a counter can be added both within and after the loop statement as follows

for (...) {
   count++;
   // Body of loop
}
count++;

while (...) {
   count++;
   // Body of loop
}
count++;

For logical structures, i.e.if, if/else, if/else if/ else, there will need to be counters in each branch for the total number of conditions to ensure proper counting dependent on which branch executes. Note: if there is no else branch, one should be added with simply the count increment in the case when the condition is false to properly count the evaluation of the condition

if (...) {
   count++;
   // Body of if
} else {
   count++;
}

if (...) {
   count++;
   // Body of if branch
} else {
   count++;
   // Body of else branch
}

if (...) {
   count++;
   // Body of first if branch
} else if (...) {
   count += 2;
   // Body of second if branch
} else if (...) {
   count += 3;
   // Body of third if branch
} else {
   count += however many if conditions there are
   // Body of else branch
}